Design Considerations and Innovative Approach for Restoration of Historic Landmarks in Old Montreal
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Restoration of some streets in Old Montreal is achieved using granite pavers bonded with a mortar bed to a concrete slab. The technique was originally used for the pavement of St-Paul Street with stone bricks back in the 1800's. A similar approach is being used in 2016 to renovate the very same street, except for the materials used in casting the foundation slab. In order to space out the expansion joints and prevent drying shrinkage cracking, fibre reinforcement and an expansive component are incorporated in the concrete. The concept was successfully used in bridge deck rehabilitation projects such as Girouard Overpass deck overlay. The basic principle of this approach is to generate a chemical expansion in the concrete (200 to 300 gm/m) using an expansive component, and to restrain the generated expansion through the combined action of ordinary peripheral steel reinforcement in the slab and steel fibre reinforcement in the concrete. The objective is to mitigate shrinkage stresses by keeping the strain balance as low as possible and allowing the concrete additional time to develop sufficient tensile strength, such that the stresses induced in the concrete slabs will remain lower than the concrete tensile strength.Restraint of expansion by the steel fibres and the peripheral reinforcement induces an initial compressive stress in the concrete slab. A part of this stress is used to compensate for the drying shrinkage, whereas the remaining part (if any) is used to resist incidental restrained deformation (e.g. thermal strains) cracking. Concrete mixture proportioning, placement, and curing need to be optimized in order to achieve enough expansion to adequately control cracking due to restrained shrinkage. After proper moist curing of the slab, the pavers are bonded to its top surface using a latex-modified mortar (latex to cement ratio of about 11% by mass). The latex-modified mortar used as a levelling bed underneath the pavers has a low vapour permeability that partially seals the concrete surface and further contributes to minimize drying shrinkage cracking. Since 2011, various historic landmarks in the City of Montreal have been restored using concrete containing an expansive component. To this date, monitoring and performance reports have showed that the chemical prestress approach is quite effective in decreasing shrinkage cracking in paved street foundations, thereby allowing the placement of longer slabs with significantly fewer expansion joints.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".