Low-Emission Maximum-Efficiency Tracking of an Intelligent Bi-Fuel Hydrogen–Gasoline Generator for HEV Applications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents a bifuel hydrogen-gasoline internal combustion engine (ICE) as an effective strategy for extending the electric vehicle's ranges. The electric power produced by the proposed ICE linked with a generator is a nonlinear function of the engine speed and the proportions of hydrogen and gasoline mixed fuel can be approximated around operating conditions. This nonlinear function is approximated by the Taylor series and a comparative study between the obtained results and the experimental data showed the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Furthermore, we observed that the Taylor series approach can achieve less than 7% error, while the modeling with an artificial neural network or a recursive least square method results in more than 8% error. To enable the ICE operation with maximum efficiency, a nonlinear optimization method is used. The proposed maximum efficiency tracking approach is compared with that of the most used industrial methods based on constant speed. The results show that the proposed approach can result in more than 7% of saving in energy, compared to that of the industrial method.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".