Effect of Lidocaine-Prilocaine Cream (EMLA®) on Pain of Intramuscular Fluzone® Injection
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACTThe efficacy of lidocaine-prilocaine cream (EMLA® — Eutectic mixture of Local Anesthetics) in alleviating the pain of intramuscular injections was investigated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group trial. EMLA® or placebo cream was applied to the arms of 60 adult volunteers before receiving influenza virus vaccine (Fluzone®). Twenty-nine subjects received approximately 2.5 g of EMLA® cream and 31 subjects received approximately 2.5 g of an inert placebo cream under occlusion for 60-90 minutes. The cream was then removed and each subject received one 0.5 mL intramuscular injection of influenza virus vaccine using a 22 gauge one inch needle. Pain of needle puncture and pain of injection were both assessed by the subjects using a visual analog scale. EMLA® was associated with decreased needle puncture pain (p < 0.0002) and decreased pain of injection when compared to placebo (p = 0.0139). There was a significant correlation between scores of needle puncture pain and injection pain. Mild skin pallor was a common skin reaction from EMILA®· While the efficacy of EMLA® to alleviate pain of venipuncture is well documented, this is the first study to show the efficacy of EMLA ® for intramuscular injections.RESUMÉUne étude randomisée à double insu, en contrôle parallèle avec placebo a permis d'évaluer la capacité de la Lidocaïne-Prilocaïne (crème EMLA® — mélange eutectique d'anesthésiques locaux) à soulager la douleur causée par les injections intramusculaires. On a appliqué la crème EMLA® ou un placebo sur le bras de 60 volontaires adultes avant de leur injecter un vaccin viral contre la grippe (Fluzone®). Vingt-neuf (29) sujets ont été traités avec la crème EMLA® et 31 avec le placebo. Tous ont reçu une application d'environ 2,5 g de crème sous un pansement occlusif pendant 60 à 90 minutes. Après l'élimination de la crème, on leur a injecté 0,5 mL de vaccin par voie intramusculaire au moyen d'une aiguille calibre 22 d'un pouce. Les sujets ont évalué la douleur causée par l’insertion de l'aiguille et par l'injection au moyen d'une échelle visuelle analogique. Comparativement au placebo, la crème EMLA® a atténué la douleur associée à l'insertion de l’aiguille (p < 0.0002) et à l’injection (P = 0,0139). On a noté une corrélation significative entre les cotes se rapportant à la douleur provoquée par l'insertion de l'aiguille et celles relatives à la douleur causée par l'injection. L'apparition d'une légère pâleur fut une réaction cutanée courante à l'application de la crème EMLA®. Il est bien établi que cette dernière soulage la douleur due à la ponction veineuse, mais la présente étude est la premièree à démontrer son efficacité en cas d'injection intramusculaire.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".