Resolving the Un-Delimited Arctic Boundary Between Canada and the United States in the Beaufort Sea by Using a Law-and-Science Approach
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Fewer than half of the 500 or so potential maritime boundaries in the world have been agreed, creating uncertainty not only for the coastal States involved but also for their investors active in the offshore oil and gas industry. The complex process of agreeing and fixing boundaries or of making provisional arrangements can be time-consuming and expensive but once agreed can significantly contribute to the economic wealth of the affected countries. Disputes over maritime boundaries regularly flare up around the world and sometimes result in skirmishes. Coastal States with competing claims to maritime areas routinely offer and award oil concessions in disputed waters without the investors taking blocks being fully aware of the underlying inter-State dispute and the risks presented by an un-delimited boundary, especially one featuring straddling deposits. Indeed, maritime boundary disputes form a misunderstood and frequently overlooked area of investment risk management in the energy sector. The Figure below shows, in red lines, the limit of the Exclusive Economic Zones ("EEZs") of the world, together with maritime boundaries delimited by treaty (depicted by blue lines) and interpreted "strict equidistance" lines in locations where no current delimited maritime boundary exists (shown in orange). The world's EEZ waters, as measured from coastlines (in black) up to the EEZ legal limit (in red), cover approximately 169,000,000 square kilometers (geodetic).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.019 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.015 | 0.007 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.012 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".