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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The celebrated Erdős–Kac theorem says, roughly speaking, that the values of additive functions satisfying certain mild hypotheses are normally distributed. In the intervening years, similar normal distribution laws have been shown to hold for certain non-additive functions and for amenable arithmetic functions over certain subsets of the natural numbers. Continuing in this vein, we show that if <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>g</mml:mi> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mo>...</mml:mo> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>g</mml:mi> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> is a collection of functions satisfying certain mild hypotheses for which an Erdős–Kac-type normal distribution law holds, and if <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>Q</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mo>...</mml:mo> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> is a polynomial with nonnegative real coefficients, then <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>Q</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>g</mml:mi> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mo>...</mml:mo> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>g</mml:mi> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> also obeys a normal distribution law. We also show that a similar result can be obtained if the set of inputs <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:math> is restricted to certain subsets of the natural numbers, such as shifted primes. Our proof uses the method of moments. We conclude by providing examples of our theorem in action.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it