Discrimination within Political Cultures: Contrasting Islamophobia in Canadian Regions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Since the United States declared a ‘war on terror’ after 9/11, Muslim people and communities have increasingly become political and social targets in Canadian society. Although Canadian Political Science literature addresses Islamophobia, there is a significant focus on discrimination specifically within Quebec or broadly at the federal level. The exclusion of other provinces from academic scrutiny is problematic and can lead to the assumption that certain social issues are more prominent in Quebec than in the rest of Canada. In fact, differences in each province’s political culture suggests that discrimination against Othered groups may appear in varied ways. The recognition of different types of discrimination is important because it will impact how to prevent bias against the vulnerable group. By utilizing a social constructivist lens to compare and contrast case studies of Islamophobia in Alberta and Quebec, this research paper argues that provincial political culture influences the ways in which Islamophobia may manifest.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.019 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".