An Unexpected Find: Self-Representation in Nineteenth-Century Portrait Photographs of Canadian Lenape
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Seven photographs discovered in the Moravian Archives show inhabitants of Moraviantown, Ontario, six Lenape and one European. The photographs were taken in the second half of the nineteenth century, at an early stage of the development of photography. The research about the sitters in the photographs and the particular story of these pictures has brought to light details about the relationship between indigenous and missionary inhabitants of the village. In order to discuss the function of the photographs for the portrayed, for the people who gave them away as gifts, those who received them, and finally those who collected them, we need to look at the context of photographic self-representation of indigenous peoples in North America during the nineteenth century. Contextualizing the photographs means to go through the layers of meanings and interpretations these images underwent in the course of their existence. In looking at them we can learn more about the colonial perception of indigenous people, photographic images, and how the colonial perception has influenced our view on history. The stories of these photographs support the hypothesis that Lenape people used a wide array of strategies to ensure their survival, despite limitations forced upon them by the colonists.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".