A Type-I Sub-Sampling PLL With a <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$100\times100\,\,\mu\text{m}^{2}$ </tex-math> </inline-formula> Footprint and −255-dB FOM
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
A dual-loop LC-voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO)based frequency synthesizer, composed of an all-digital frequency-locked loop (ADFLL) and a voltage-mode, type-I, subsampling phase-locked loop (SS-PLL), is presented. A compact SS phase detector is described which also acts as a loop filter (LF). Fabricated in a 65-nm CMOS process, the synthesizer occupies a small footprint of 100 × 100 μm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , thanks to its compact LF and full integration underneath the VCO inductor. The synthesizer achieves the sub-200 fs of rms integrated jitter across its tuning range of 4.6-5.6 GHz while consuming no more than 1.1 mW of power. A peak figure-of-merit (FOM) of -255 dB at 5 GHz and an FOM of -254 dB across the tuning range are achieved. A reference spur of -64.1 dBc is measured with the PLL operating at 5 GHz.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
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Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it