A Type-I Sub-Sampling PLL With a <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$100\times100\,\,\mu\text{m}^{2}$ </tex-math> </inline-formula> Footprint and −255-dB FOM
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A dual-loop LC-voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO)based frequency synthesizer, composed of an all-digital frequency-locked loop (ADFLL) and a voltage-mode, type-I, subsampling phase-locked loop (SS-PLL), is presented. A compact SS phase detector is described which also acts as a loop filter (LF). Fabricated in a 65-nm CMOS process, the synthesizer occupies a small footprint of 100 × 100 μm2, thanks to its compact LF and full integration underneath the VCO inductor. The synthesizer achieves the sub-200 fs of rms integrated jitter across its tuning range of 4.6-5.6 GHz while consuming no more than 1.1 mW of power. A peak figure-of-merit (FOM) of -255 dB at 5 GHz and an FOM of -254 dB across the tuning range are achieved. A reference spur of -64.1 dBc is measured with the PLL operating at 5 GHz.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.005 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".