Shear behaviour of Canadian marine clay/geomembrane interface under freeze–thaw cycles
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The influence of the number of freeze–thaw (F–T) cycles on the interface shear behaviour of a compacted marine clay (Leda clay)/smooth high-density polyethylene (HDPE) geomembrane is investigated in this paper. Shear tests are performed on samples subjected to various numbers of F–T cycles: zero, one, two, three, five and ten. The test results show that the interface shear strength of the Leda clay/smooth HDPE geomembrane is lower than that of Leda clay. The interface shear strength of the Leda clay/smooth HDPE geomembrane decreases with increasing number of F–T cycles. Furthermore, the interface shear friction angles of the Leda clay/smooth HDPE geomembrane are significantly reduced within the first three F–T cycles. The reduction in strength beyond the three F–T cycles is negligible. The total decrease in the shear strength of the samples that are not subjected to an F–T cycle compared to that of samples subjected to ten F–T cycles is 18·3, 17·6 and 13·6% under a vertical stress of 150, 250 and 350 kPa, respectively.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".