Tunable microcellular and nanocellular morphologies of poly(vinylidene) fluoride foams via crystal polymorphism control
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Poly(vinylidene) fluoride (PVDF) is well-known for its polymorphism. Among its different polymorphs, both α and β phase crystals have melting temperatures ranging from 167°C to 172°C. The melting temperature of γ phase crystal, depending on its origin, is about 8 °C or 18°C higher than those of α and β phase crystals. Herein, this article reports a novel approach to tune the microcellular and nanocellular structures of PVDF foams by controlling the polymorphism of PVDF before it is subjected to supercritical carbon dioxide foaming. It has been revealed that altering PVDF's polymorphs can selectively fabricate PVDF foams that possess either (1) closed cells or open cells; (2) unimodal cells or bimodal cells; and (3) microcellular structures or nanocellcular structures. This represents an innovative processing route to fine-tune the morphologies of PVDF foams, and thereby to tailor their multifunctional properties.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".