Mineralization of the Northwest Quartz-Pyrite-Gold Veins: Implications for Multiple Mineralization Events at Lepanto, Mankayan Mineral District, Northern Luzon, Philippines
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The Northwest quartz-pyrite-gold veins are situated 500 m east of the Lepanto fault in Mankayan, Luzon, Philippines. Most vein mineralization is hosted by the Lepanto metavolcanic basement rocks at an elevation between 700 and 1,050 m. The earliest stage, stage 1, is characterized by sphalerite + chalcopyrite + pyrite ± magnetite veins cutting the host rocks that were altered to chlorite + illite + epidote. Precious metal deposition started in stage 2 as electrum, native gold, and gold-silver tellurides deposited with pyrite, quartz, and carbonate. Deposition of gold and silver tellurides continued in stage 3a with abundant pyrite and tennantite-tetrahedrite solid solution intergrown with chalcopyrite, bornite, and minor sphalerite. The stage 3a veins and host-rock alteration are characterized by abundant muscovite and quartz, while the stage 3b veins and alteration consist of quartz, pyrophyllite, alunite, and dickite. Enargite and luzonite are the dominant sulfide minerals in stage 4, which are either disseminated in silicified host rock or within wide quartz veins. Lesser amounts of quartz and abundant pyrite with inclusions of enargite and luzonite were precipitated in stage 5. Microthermometry on fluid inclusions in quartz of stages 2, 3a, and 4 indicates boiling of the hydrothermal fluids. Bulk gas analysis on fluid inclusions in quartz shows that the stage 2 and 4 fluids had components derived from basaltic and andesitic magma, respectively. Fluids that formed stage 4 quartz were more diluted by meteoric water than the fluids that formed the stage 2 veins. Radiometric 40Ar/39Ar dating on alunite separated from the stage 3b advanced argillic alteration zone yielded 2.2 ± 0.1 Ma. Sulfur isotope compositions of the Northwest quartz-pyrite-gold deposit reveal a bulk δ34S of approximately 5‰, similar to the calculated value for the adjacent Far Southeast porphyry deposit. Calculated oxygen and hydrogen isotope ratios of the fluids of the Northwest quartz-pyrite-gold deposit stage 3b dickites are similar to those that formed the illite alteration in the Far Southeast porphyry deposit but are higher in δ18O when compared to the fluids that formed the kandites in the Lepanto enargite deposit. The northward cooling of mineralizing fluids previously reported in the Lepanto enargite deposit is not consistent with the mineralogic indications in the Northwest quartz-pyrite-gold deposit. These data indicate multiple mineralization events in the Mankayan district, which is one of the largest mineral districts in the western Pacific.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".