For a Study of 'The Societal Effect': Universality and Specificity in Organization Research
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Some have wondered at the &s;quasi absence of studies relating organizations to the social and cultural system of the surrounding society&s; (Crozier, 1963, p. 275) and the lack of interest shown by the research in the social sciences in comparative, cross-national studies of organizations (Glaser, 1971; Heydebrand, 1973, p. 8). In this respect, the situation seems to be changing. In the last five years, several research teams, mostly British and American, have been doing comparative, cross-national studies on samples of organizations in England, the USA and Canada (Inkson et al., 1970; Hickson et al., 1974; McMillan et al., 1973). More recently still, the same kind of methodology has been applied to organizations in other countries: Japan, Sweden, West Germany (see chapters 2 and 13 in this volume).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.007 | 0.008 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.017 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.016 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.013 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".