Eco-friendly recycled crushed glass for cushioning boulder impacts
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A large amount of waste glass is generated every year and contributes significantly to landfills. Large-scale physical model tests were carried out to study the dynamic response of recycled crushed glass (RCG) contained in gabion baskets and its performance against successive boulder impacts at energy levels of up to 70 kJ. The cushioning performance of RCG is compared with that of more conventional cushioning materials, including rock fragments and cellular glass aggregates. Results reveal that for the first impact, RCG can provide up to 144% and 128% reduction in the transmitted wall loads and boulder impact loads, respectively, when compared with cushion layers comprising rock fragments. It follows that by adopting RCG, practitioners could potentially reduce the recommended design load for impact by a single boulder by up to three times. Furthermore, the load-diffusion angle of RCG is three times larger than that of cellular glass aggregates. The observed trend in the diffusion angle implies that the transmitted load for RCG is distributed more uniformly on the barrier wall compared to cellular glass aggregates.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".