Effect of cobalt doping on microstructures and dielectric properties of ZnO
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Pure and cobalt-doped ZnO nanoparticles (2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 atom % Co) are synthesized by sol–gel method. The as-synthesized nanoparticles are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) analysis. The nanoparticles of 0, 2.5, and 5 atom % Co-doped ZnO exhibited hexagonal wurtzite structure and have no other phases. Moreover, the (101) diffraction peaks position of Co-doped ZnO shift toward a smaller value of diffraction angle compared with pure ZnO powders. The results confirm that Co ions were well incorporated into ZnO crystal lattice. Simultaneously, Co doping also inhibited the growth of particles, and the crystallite size decreased from 43.11 nm to 36.63 nm with the increase in doping concentration from 0 to 10 atom %. The values of the optical band gap of all Co-doped ZnO nanoparticles gradually decreased from 3.09 eV to 2.66 eV with increasing Co content. Particular, the dielectric constant of all Co-doped ZnO ceramics gradually increased from 1.62 × 10 3 to 20.52 × 10 3 , and the dielectric loss decreased from 2.36 to 1.28 when Co content increased from 0 to 10 atom %.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".