Migrations - Brazil and Canada: Economic, Political, and Migratory Ties, 1820s to 1970s. By Rosana Barbosa. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2017. Pp. 171. $80.00 cloth.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
and racial attitudes among European Americans in Texas, especially in small towns.Pointing out that thousands of legal and extralegal executions of Mexicans actually took place in the state during the 1910s, he focuses on three of the 124 documented lynchings; these are the outright murders of Antonio Rodríguez and Antonio Gómez, and the legally sanctioned hanging of León Martínez Jr.In November 1910 a mob of white Texans forcibly removed Antonio Rodríguez from jail in Rocksprings, Texas, beat him badly, and then burned him alive.Rodriguez had allegedly confessed to killing the wife of a prominent rancher.Seven months after the Rodríguez lynching, a revenge-seeking mob of Texans of German descent in the town of Thorndale snatched 14-year-old Antonio Gómez from law enforcement officials and hanged him.Gómez had stabbed a local German American man in an altercation following harassment of the boy by several men.The perpetrators of the crime were acquitted by a jury.In the third case, Villanueva argues that a "legal" lynching took place in Pecos in 1914 when León Martínez Jr. was executed following his conviction for murdering a white Texas woman, because she allegedly had resisted León's sexual advances.Villanueva contends that a biased legal system in Texas yielded the unfair verdict that ended in Martínez's execution.The story told in this book is not entirely new.Historians have previously documented much of the racially motivated discrimination and violence against Mexicans in Texas during the 1910s.Villanueva breaks new ground, however, in his meticulous and reflective discussion of the three cases mentioned above, as well as in his detailed examination of attitudes among European Americans in the towns in which the lynchings took place.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.012 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.016 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".