ORIGENS DO NACIONALISMO ANGOLANO, MOVIMENTOS INDEPENDENTISTAS E DISPUTA POR HEGEMONIA
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Esse artigo tem por objetivo tratar das origens do nacionalismo angolano, dos movimentos independentistas e da disputa por hegemonia entre seus diferentes atores politicos. O MPLA, etnicamente de base M’Bundo, foi criado por jovens angolanos assimilados, mesticos e brancos, primeiramente no exilio e depois em Luanda. Por outro lado, os Bakongos do norte de Angola que, em finais da decada de 1940, criaram a UPA, que posteriormente se chamaria FNLA. A UNITA, fundada por Jonas Savimbi, foi, fundamentalmente, um partido Ovimbundo, que nao conseguiu atrair, de forma significativa, outros grupos etnicos. Argumenta-se que a construcao do “nacionalismo” angolano foi um instrumento politico utilizado pelas elites para garantir a hegemonia dos seus respectivos movimentos politicos. Durante 50 anos, desde o inicio do processo de libertacao nacional nos anos 1960, esses movimentos e grupos sociais e “etnicos” rivais desenvolveram ideias contrarias sobre Angola, sobre o que era o pais, suas aspiracoes, e principalmente sobre quem deveria liderar o seu destino. Alguns anos apos o inicio do seculo XX, os angolanos continuam a expressar a sua identidade politica em termos de antagonismos, cujas origens remontavam a epoca da luta anticolonial. Palavras-chave: Angola; nacionalismo; antagonismo politico; identidade. ____________________________________ RESUME Cet article vise traiter des origines du nationalisme angolais, des mouvements d'independance et de la dispute sur l'hegemonie entre ses differents acteurs politiques. Le MPLA, ethniquement a base m´bundo, a ete cree par de jeunes Angolais assimiles, metis et blancs, d'abord en exil puis a Luanda. D'autre part, les Bakongos du nord de l'Angola, qui a la fin des annees 1940 ont cree l'UPA, qui s'appellerait plus tard FNLA. L’UNITA, fondee par Jonas Savimbi, etait fondamentalement un parti ovimbundo qui n’a pas reussi a attirer d’autres groupes ethniques. L´argument defendu est que la construction du nationalisme angolais etait un instrument politique utilise par les elites pour garantir l'hegemonie de leurs mouvements politiques respectifs. Il y a 50 ans, depuis le debut du processus de liberation nationale dans les annees 1960, ces mouvements et groupes sociaux et «ethniques» rivaux ont developpe des idees antagoniques sur l'Angola, sur ce que serait leur pays, sur leurs aspirations et surtout sur son destination. Quelques annees apres le debut du 20eme siecle, les Angolais continuent a traduire leur identite politique en termes d'antagonismes, dont les origines remontent a l'epoque de la lutte anticoloniale. Mots-cle: Angola; nationalisme; antagonism politique; identite.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.007 | 0.011 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.012 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.011 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".