Conformal and Disposable Antenna-Based Sensor for Non-Invasive Sweat Monitoring
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents a feasibility study for a non-wearable, conformal, low cost, and disposable antenna-based sensor for non-invasive hydration monitoring using sweat. It is composed of a patch antenna implemented on a cellulose filter paper substrate and operating in the range 2⁻4 GHz. The paper substrate can absorb liquids, such as sweat on the skin, through two slots incorporated within the antenna structure. Thus, the substrate dielectric properties are altered according to the properties of the absorbed liquid. Changes in reflection-based measurements are used to analyze salt solutions and artificial sweat, specifically the amount of sampled solution and the sodium chloride (NaCl) concentration. Using the shift in resonant frequency and magnitude of the reflection coefficient, NaCl concentrations in the range of 8.5⁻200 mmol/L, representing different hydration states, are detected. The measurements demonstrate the feasibility of using microwave based measurements for hydration monitoring using sweat.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".