Droplet Impact, Spreading and Freezing on Metallic Surfaces of varying Wettability
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ice formation and accumulation can lead to operational failure and risks for structures, including power transmission lines, aircraft, offshore platforms, marine vessels, and wind turbines. Liquid repellent and icephobic surfaces can reduce ice accretion and improve asset integrity and safety in harsh environments. There are significant needs to probe how wettability affects the droplet impact, ice nucleation and ice accretion processes on different kinds of micro-structured surfaces. This paper presents experimental results of droplet impact, icing delay time and ice accumulation on metallic surfaces with varying wettability. Several different designs of the hydrophobic surfaces are considered. A commercial hydrophobic coating is also used to enhance liquid repellent features and reduce ice accumulation. The results demonstrated that when the static contact angle increases, the total icing time increases, suggesting desirable icing delays. The total icing time decreases with lower surface temperature, higher impact velocity or smaller droplet diameter.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".