Tight supply of high-grade titanium feedstock to impede pigment production in Europe
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Production of rutile and titanium dioxide slag has gone down, with potentially serious consequences for chloride output in Europe. Pigment producers in Europe are facing a shortage of the rutile and titanium slag feedstocks needed for making high-grade titanium, after a decline in supplies of both materials from Australia, Canada and South Africa. The tightened supply of rutile largely reflects a decrease in output from Iluka’s closed Murray Basin operations in Australia, while availability, current prices and contracts are already being affected by Tronox’s announcement that it will remove around 20,000 tonnes per year of rutile and leucoxene from the market by the end of 2018. Additionally, the imminent closure of Sibelco’s Stradbroke Island mine in Australia will remove as much as 35,000 tpy of rutile from the market by 2020. The recent supply tightness has triggered a rise in rutile prices for the third quarter of 2018.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".