Tanggung Jawab Pengangkut Udara Akibat Tidak Diangkutnya Penumpang Karena Kesalahan Pengangkut Menurut Konvensi Montreal 1999 dan Implementasinya di Indonesia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract. Air carriage activities have a very important role in globalization era. But still, there is activities of the carrier that caused losses to the passengers, one of it, is the cancelation of passanger flight. This is a violation of the air carrier agreement between air carriers and passengers. The problems in this research are how the Montreal Convention 1999 (Montreal Convention) and the Indonesian air carriage law regulate the responsibility of the air carrier company, because the cancelation of passanger flight. Also, how is the form of responsibility of the air carrier to the event under the Montreal Convention and its implementation in Indonesia. In this research, writer use normative juridical method. The normative juridical method is the method of studying and examining primary law materials and secondary law materials deductively. In addition, to data collection techniques, the writers used literature studies (library research), that is research conducted indirectly to the object of research to obtain the secondary data. Based on the results of the research that has been carried out, it has resulted that the Montreal Convention does not regulated comprehensively and specifically about the cancelation of passanger flight. Under the Montreal Convention, it regulated only four types of responsibilities, that is concerning passengers (death and injury), baggage, cargo, and delay. Becouse of that, writers do an interpretation and construction of law, that resulted, delay can be used as the legal basis in case of the cancelation of passanger flight. On the other hand, the use of delay as the legal basis for the cancelation of passanger flight does not provided legal certainty to the passengers. Accordingly, no compensation scheme is provided for it in the Montreal Convention. In practice, the compensation that passengers receive is used or under the national law of each country, and the Judge Verdict. Keyword: Montreal Convention 1999, Liability, Airline, Compensation, Air Law. Abstrak. Kegiatan pengangkutan udara memiliki peranan yang sangat penting di era globalisasi, dalam kegiatannya, masih terdapat tindakan yang menyebabkan kerugian pada penumpang, salah satu tindakan tersebut adalah, tidak diangkutnya penumpang akibat kesalahan pengangkut. Hal tersebut merupakan pelanggaran atas perjanjian pengangkutan udara antara pengangkut udara dan penumpang. Permasalahan yang dibahas dalam tulisan ini adalah, bagaimana tanggung jawab perusahaan pengangkut udara karena tidak diangkutnya penumpang akibat kesalahan pengangkut menurut Konvensi Montreal 1999 (Konvensi Montreal) dan Hukum Pengangkutan Udara Indonesia. Serta, bagaimanakah bentuk tanggung jawab pengangkut udara terhadap kejadian tersebut menurut Konvensi Montreal dan implementasinya di Indonesia. Dalam penelitian ini, penulis menggunakan metode yuridis normatif. Metode yuridis normatif yaitu, metode yang mempelajari dan meneliti bahan-bahan hukum primer dan bahan-bahan hukum sekunder secara deduktif. Selain itu mengenai teknik pengumpulan data, penulis menggunakan studi kepustakaan (library research), yaitu penelitian yang dilakukan secara tidak langsung terhadap objek penelitian untuk memperoleh data sekunder. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan, memperlihatkan bahwa, Konvensi Montreal tidak mengatur secara komprehensif dan spesifik mengenai tidak diangkutnya penumpang karena kesalahan pengangkut, yang diatur dalam Konvensi Montreal hanya empat jenis tanggung jawab yaitu mengenai penumpang (kematian dan cedera), bagasi, kargo, dan keterlambatan. Sehingga dilakukanlah penafsiran dan konstruksi hukum, yang menghasilkan jawaban keterlambatan dapat dijadikan dasar hukum bila terjadi kasus tersebut. Disisi lain, pemakaian keterlambatan menjadi dasar hukum kejadian tidak diangkutnya penumpang karena kesalahan pengangkut tidak memberikan kepastian hukum pada penumpang. Sejalan dengan hal tersebut, maka skema kompensasi pun tidak diatur didalam Konvensi Montreal. Dalam prakteknya, kompensasi yang diterima penumpang menggunakan atau berdasarkan hukum nasional masing-masing negara dan Putusan Hakim. Kata Kunci: Konvensi Montreal 1999, Tanggung Jawab, Pengangkut Udara, Kompensasi , Hukum Udara .
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.047 | 0.006 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".