Bibliographic record
Abstract
A tornado features kinematically combining three major co-existent components, namely, updraft, translation, and rotation, which involve all the three dimensions in space while transient in time. For numerical simulation of a tornadobuilding interaction scenario, it looks quite challenging to seek a set of physically-rational and meanwhile computationallypractical boundary conditions to accompany traditional CFD approaches; thus, little literature can be found, as of today, in three-dimensional (3D) computational tornado dynamics study. Inspired by the development of immersed boundary (IB) method, this study employed the re-tailored Rankinecombined vortex model (RCVM) that applies the "relative motion" principle to the translational component of tornado, such that the building is viewed as "virtually" translating towards a "pinned" rotational flow that remains time-invariant at the far field region. This revision renders a steady-state kinematic condition applicable to the outer boundary of a large tornado simulation domain, successfully circumventing the boundary condition updating process that the original RCVM would have to suffer, and tremendously accelerating the computation. Here, this re-tailored RCVM was extended to its 3D version with the aid of logarithm law that describes the vertical flow evolution. Eventually, this tornado model was embedded in Incompact3D, an academic high-order finite difference turbulent flow solver, resulting in a practical powerful 3D tornado-building interaction simulation tool. A case study examined the tornadic wind induced loadings on a prismatic building; over all three directions, the vertical force component was found dominant, which effectively suggests the uprooting effect as observed in many reported scenes after a devastating tornado swept over.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".