Cost-effective side-illumination darkfield nanoplasmonic marker microscopy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We present the development of an innovative technology for quantitative multiplexed cytology analysis based on the application of spectrally distinctive plasmonic nanoparticles (NPs) as optical probes and on cost-effective side-illumination multispectral darkfield microscopy (SIM) as the differential NP imaging method. SIM is based on lateral illumination by arrays of discrete color RGB light emitting diodes (LEDs) of spectrally adjusted plasmonic NPs and consecutive detection by the conventional CMOS color camera. We demonstrate the enhanced contrast and higher resolution of our method for individual NP detection in the liquid medium and of NP markers attached on the cell membrane in a cytology preparation by comparing it to the conventional darkfield microscopy (DFM). The proposed illumination and detection system is compatible with current clinical microscopy equipment used by pathologists and can greatly simplify the adaptation of plasmonic NPs as novel reliable and stable biological multiplexed chromatic markers for biodetection and diagnosis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".