Bibliographic record
Abstract
WiFi-based backscatter systems provide the potential to deliver battery-free sensors (tags) which can transmit data using a WiFi network. Existing backscatter systems have several problems which make them impractical to deploy and operate using existing WiFi networks. First, they require software or hardware modifications to WiFi access points and devices. Second, they do not work with WiFi networks that use a security protocol such as WPA. Third, they interfere with existing WiFi communication because they reflect their signal to another channel without implementing channel sensing. In this paper, we present WiTAG which addresses these problems, making the implementation and deployment of backscatter systems significantly more practical. In contrast with existing systems that build tags to communicate using the physical layer, we take a radically different approach by building tags that leverage features of the MAC layer to communicate. We design tags which can selectively interfere with subframes (MPDUs) in an aggregated frame (A-MPDU). This enables standard compliant communication using modern 802.11n and 802.11ac networks with minimal infrastructure and without requiring hardware or software modifications to any devices. The evaluation of our prototype system shows that with a client and an access point that are 8 meters apart, a tag can achieve data rates of 40 Kbps when located anywhere between the two devices.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".