Unraveling bio-inspired pre-swollen effects of tetra-polyethylene glycol double network hydrogels with ultra-stretchable yielding strain
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Incorporating flexible cross-links into a brittle network for hydrogel not only significantly improves its toughness, but also effectively provides opportunities to design novel double network (DN) hydrogels with targeted properties and multi-functionalities. However, the principles and toughening mechanisms behind many of experimental studies have not been investigated. In this paper we proposed, for the first time, a phenomenological model for the DN hydrogels, which were derived from tetra-polyethylene glycol (tetra-PEG) first network, molecular stent and polyacrylamide (PAAm) second network, and theoretically and experimentally studied the pre-swollen effects on their ultra-stretchable yielding strains. Based on the Flory–Huggins solution theory, the pre-swollen effect of polar molecular stents on the mechanical properties of tetra-PEG/PAAm DN hydrogels was investigated. Finally, the constitutive stress–strain relationships of two-stage loading process were established for the overall response of mechanical behavior, and a good agreement between the numerically simulated results with the experimental ones has been achieved. This study provides a fundamental understanding of the working mechanism of pre-swollen effects and the design guidance for the ultra-stretchable and toughened DN hydrogels.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".