An experimental study on cyclic behaviour of reinforced concrete connections using waste materials as cement partial replacement
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A series of cyclic tests on unconfined beam–column connections with composite concrete materials are conducted. Cement is partially replaced by waste materials using two different percentages of 15% and 20%. The proper percentage of cement replacement is found to be 15% for the pulverized fuel ash, silica fume, and iron filings. Increasing the percentage to 20% tends to relatively decrease concrete compressive strength, weaken the joint, and reduce its ductility. It is recommended using pulverized fuel ash to enhance the performance of beam–column connections under cyclic loading. Silica fume and iron filings have also enhanced the joint response, but the enhancement is most remarkable when using 15% pulverized fuel ash. The implementation of composite concrete has increased the joint’s ductility and reduced its level of damage based on the type and percentage of the implemented waste material. Furthermore, the disposal of waste materials into the concrete mix is a good solution for reducing environmental pollution.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".