The Subacromial Balloon Spacer Versus Superior Capsular Reconstruction in the Treatment of Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears: A Biomechanical Assessment
Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE: To compare the subacromial balloon spacer with superior capsular reconstruction (SCR) for the treatment of massive irreparable rotator cuff tears. METHODS: Eight male cadaveric shoulders were mounted on a custom shoulder simulator that permitted quasistatic deltoid and rotator cuff muscle loading. Four shoulder conditions were tested: intact, irreparable rotator cuff tear (torn), subacromial balloon spacer, and SCR. The primary outcomes were superior humeral head migration and functional shoulder abduction force, which were measured at 0°, 30°, 60°, and 90° of shoulder abduction. RESULTS: In comparison to the intact condition, the torn condition resulted in a significant increase in superior humeral head migration at 0° (P = .03) and 30° (P = .02) of abduction. Insertion of the subacromial balloon spacer restored the humeral head position such that it was not significantly different from the intact condition (P = .18). Similarly, SCR restored the humeral head position such that it was not significantly different from the intact condition (P = .99). No significant differences were found between the balloon and SCR (P = .99). The functional abduction force was significantly decreased after tear creation (P = .01); however, the subacromial balloon (P = .40) and SCR (P = .99) restored functional abduction force comparable to the intact shoulder state. CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of the results, both techniques function to decrease superior humeral head migration and to restore more normal glenohumeral joint position and forces during various abduction positions. No substantial differences were identified between techniques at time zero. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The results of this laboratory study indicate that the balloon and SCR both provided mechanical effects that restored the humeral head position from the superiorly migrated location. As such, similar clinical effects can be expected at time zero in patients with massive rotator cuff tears.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".