A 167‐to‐172 GHz 65‐nm CMOS body‐voltage‐tuned harmonic‐mode voltage‐controlled oscillator
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This article presents a mm‐wave harmonic‐mode varactor‐free 167‐to‐172‐GHz oscillator that features improved output power and tuning range. The parasitic capacitor of the cross‐coupled pair is adjusted for frequency tuning via the body‐bias technique, thus eliminating the need for varactors of conventional mm‐wave voltage‐controlled oscillators (VCOs). The output of the proposed VCO is at the 2nd‐harmonic and is tunable from 167 to 172 GHz, while its dc power consumption ranges between 13.5 and 21 mW, respectively. The proposed circuit was designed and implemented using TSMC 65‐nm 1P9M CMOS technology, with a total chip size of 0.22 × 0.35 mm 2 . The output power of the proposed VCO is −10.5 dBm at 169.8 GHz with 13.5 mW dc power consumption, and its maximum dc‐to‐RF efficiency is 0.48%.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".