Investigation of a Low-Cost Sequential Plating Based Process for Pb-free Bumping
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this paper, a low-cost bumping process is proposed, achieved and characterized. The proposed approach is based on a sequential plating of Sn and Ag instead of the conventional alloy plating. Our objective, therefore, focusses on the understanding of the metallurgical aspects of repeatable sequential plating processes for lead-free Sn-Ag-Cu (SAC) bumping. To this end, different plating sequences with varying Sn-Ag layers configuration are established and the fabrication processes for 95 μm diameter bumps on a 100mm wafer are demonstrated. Characterization results, obtained through cross-sectional energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) local analysis and SEM observation, are described and discussed for the various plating sequences and resultant structures, in particular, Ag diffusion behavior and intermetallic formation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".