A Novel Low-Temperature Superconductor Power Limiter
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents a novel concept for realizing an RF power limiter for protecting superconductor digital receivers. A lumped-element niobium (Nb)-based filter is used as a protection circuit. It consists of lumped-element resonators formed using spiral inductors and metal-insulator-metal capacitors integrated on a multilayer Nb process. The circuit operates as a filter at low-power levels and as a reflector at high-power levels. The lumped-element filter circuit is studied in detail to explain the performance of the filter at high-power levels. It is concluded that some of the lumped-element inductors switch from being inductors when operating at low-power levels to being capacitors when operating at high-power levels. When the lumped-element inductors switch to capacitors, the filter circuit that consists of LC resonators switches to a circuit that consists of capacitors, causing the input power to be reflected back. Both the theoretical and experimental results are presented to verify this phenomenon. In addition to applications in RF power limiters, the concept can be employed to realize transmit/receive (T/R) switches in order to isolate the (T/R) circuit from the receive circuit.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Direct model labels (unvalidated)
Per-model category and study-design labels from the labeling rounds. They are machine output, unvalidated, and the disagreement between models ships as data. No study design here is MEDLINE-validated yet.
| Model arm | Categories | Study design | Confidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| gemma | no category Domain: not available · Genre: Empirical About the Canadian research system: no · About a Canadian topic: no | Bench or experimental | low |
| gpt | no category Domain: not available · Genre: Empirical About the Canadian research system: no · About a Canadian topic: no | Bench or experimental | high |
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedLabeled directly by 2 models reading the full record.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".