Observations of Zooplankton Diel Vertical Migration From High‐Resolution Surface Ocean Optical Measurements
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract We demonstrate that signal spikes in optical backscatter measurements provide information on the diel vertical migration patterns of oceanic zooplankton. During nighttime, we observed high frequency spikes in particulate optical backscatter coincident with increased acoustic backscatter from vertically migrating zooplankton. We used our measurements to examine the spatial patterns and daily timing of zooplankton migrations across the eastern Subarctic Pacific Ocean, demonstrating coherence of diel vertical migrations with regional hydrographic features. Vertical zooplankton migration was consistently observed in oligotrophic offshore waters but less apparent in higher productivity waters over the continental shelf, where bottom depth, hydrographic fronts, and plankton abundance influenced apparent zooplankton distributions. Our results suggest that spikes in optical backscatter data, which are normally removed during data processing, can be more fully exploited to examine marine zooplankton dynamics from autonomous measurement systems.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".