Skeletal development of the chondrocranium in the tongue sole <i>Cynoglossus semilaevis</i> (Pleuronectiformes: Cynoglossidae)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study provides a comprehensive description of chondrocranial development before, during and after larval metamorphosis in the tongue sole Cynoglossus semilaevis, a commercially valuable flatfish in China. Samples were collected at regular intervals ranging from 1 to 23 days post hatching (dph). Based on observations of cleared and double-stained specimens and images from sections stained with safranin O-fast green, major morphological events during early development were described. No cartilaginous structure was visible at hatching. From 2 dph onwards, cartilaginous structures such as the trabecular bar and some elements of the mandibular, hyoid and branchial arches appeared. At this time also, cartilaginous structures of the neurocranium started to form. Hypertrophic chondrocytes could be observed in many splanchnocranium elements at 5 dph. The start of ossification was indicated by alizarin red stain visible at 14 dph. At 17 dph, most of the cartilaginous skeleton was ossified. Soon after, the right eye started to migrate and pass through a slit beneath the dorsal-fin base and above the skull. Metamorphosis was complete at 20 dph, at which time the dorsal-fin base cartilage extended onto the anterior region of the head. Meanwhile, extremities of the hyoid and branchial arch elements remained cartilaginous. At 23 dph, endochondral ossification of the splanchnocranium was nearly complete. Unlike previous observations of other Pleuronectiformes, our study indicates that endochondral ossification of C. semilaevis skull cartilage occurs before metamorphosis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".