Efficient epoxidation of vegetable oils through the employment of acidic ion exchange resins
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The epoxidation of vegetable oils is a chemical or biochemical reaction where oil triglycerides are converted into more reactive molecules. These will be further transformed into a broad variety of products with significant potential for industrial applications. The epoxidation of vegetable oils consists of a commercially established process that uses homogeneous mineral acids as catalysts. In this paper, different strong acidic ion exchange resins were evaluated as alternatives to substitute the commercial homogeneous catalysts. Amberlyst 39 was selected as the most promising one to explore the effect of the variables such as temperature, acetic acid, or hydrogen peroxide concentration in sunflower oil epoxidation. The optimal operational conditions that maximized the conversion and oxirane yield were determined. Then, these values were applied in several catalyst reuses for establishing the resin durability. Results show that by employing ion exchange resins, excellent product yields and selectivity are obtained, minimizing post‐reaction purification needs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".