Legal Analysis of the Compliance of Economic Countermeasures with Human Rights: Economic Sanctions and Access to Food and Medicine
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The increasing global interdependencies associated with the flow of goods and services and the corresponding direct/indirect reliance of individual economies on each other has made unilateral economic countermeasures an attractive and powerful policy-imposing instrument. It is, at the same time, a potentially devastating solution for the populations of the targeted country. The phenomenon is made worse by the increase in the scope of economic sanctions together with their broad extraterritorial implementation. This raises questions about their intersection with human rights and the limits to which embargos should extend in order to punish the wrongful deeds of a target country. The protection of human rights as a customary norm of international law is beginning to create a major debate on the effects of implementing economic countermeasures. The negative consequences of such countermeasures should be seen as a matter of concern for the international community as reflected in Article 50 (b) of the “Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts” which insists on the protection of fundamental human rights as an obligation for the states when taking countermeasures. The traditional inter-state focus of counter-measures as a way of responding to illicit acts should increasingly take into account their impact on actual populations. امروزه و در دنیای اقتصادهای به هم پیوسته جهانی و با توجه به گسترش اقتصادهای تک محصولی که هر یک به صورت مستقیم و غیرمستقیم به دیگر کشورها وابستهاند و با توجه به جریان در حال رشد تجارت و صادرات جهانی غذا و دارو، اعمال تحریمهای یکجانبه اقتصادی به ابزاری نیرومند جهت اعمال سیاستها و خواستههای کشورهای قدرتمند تبدیل شده است. در حالیکه تحریمهای اقتصادی ابزار نیرومندی در دست کشورهای اعمالکنندهی آنها میباشند، تاثیرات مخرب آنها بر مردم کشور موضوع این تحریم ها بسیار گسترده و غیرقابل انکار است. این تاثیرات مخرب بر حقوق مردم کشور تحریم شده، با اجرای فراسرزمینی تحریمهای اقتصادی و گستردگی دامنه آنها با اجرای گروهی از کشورهای قدرتمند و تبعیت کشورهای دنبالهرو در صحنه بینالمللی نمایانتر میشود. این مقاله به بررسی نظام یکجانبه تحریمها و اثر قوانین محدودکننده در این زمینه پرداخته و ناکافی بودن نگرش فعلی و اسناد بین المللی حقوق بشری در خصوص اثر تحریم های اقتصادی بر دسترسی به غذای مناسب و داروهای حیاتی را مورد مطالعه قرار می دهد.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".