Cryo-CMOS Low-Noise Amplifier for the Square Kilometre Array
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents early results from the investigation of a cryogenically cooled CMOS (Cryo-CMOS) low-noise amplifier (LNA). The LNA was designed in a bulk 65-nm CMOS process. Measurements were performed at 300 K and a noise temperature (figure) of 12 K (0.18 dB) was achieved at 1420 MHz (the neutral hydrogen line). The amplifier also exhibits $\mathrm {a}32 \pm 1.65$ dB gain, an input return loss better than 8.3 dB, an output return loss better than 15.6 dB and consumes a total of 105 mW, 51 mA from a 0.7-V supply and 69 mA from a 1-V supply. From simulations, the LNA is expected to achieve a noise temperature (figure) of 4.5 K (0.07 dB) at an ambient temperature of 77 K while consuming 35 mW, 22mA from a 1-V supply and 19 mA from a 0.7-V supply.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".