Fiscal Policy-Making in Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This chapter looks at the three basic taxes used for stabilisation purposes, the personal income tax, the corporate income tax and the sales tax. It explores a mixed picture of federal constraints in the use of the tax instrument. In the description of fiscal policies in Canada, it becomes obvious that the federal government - in Trudeau period - has used either tax credits or surtaxes to stabilise the economy. The federal government lacks an important policy instrument as the provinces dispose of the major part of the sales taxes in the system. Federalism is clearly the causal factor in this matter: sales taxes are regarded as an important device of sovereignty and fiscal policy by provinces. The federal government has &s;spending powers&s; in all the domains it wants, even in domains where the constitution guarantees authority to provinces. The first serious and tension creating cut was the introduction of Canada Assistance Plan in welfare transfers in 1990.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.010 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.017 | 0.007 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.017 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.006 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.015 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".