Effect of diapause on cold-resistance in different life-stages of an aphid parasitoid wasp
Bibliographic record
Abstract
To overwinter, insects from mild temperate areas can either enter diapause or remain active. Both strategies involve costs and benefits depending on the environment. In the first case, the emerging individuals will resist winter but have a reduced fitness because diapause entails physiological and ecological costs. In the second case, individuals need to be cold-resistant enough to withstand winter temperatures during their immature and adult stages, but could avoid diapause-associated costs. In mild temperate areas, the cost-benefit balance between the diapause and the non-diapause strategy would likely change in response to climate warming. A trade-off between these two strategies should lead to reduction of diapause expression in some populations. We explored the importance of such trade-off through the comparison of cold resistance capacities among different life stages in diapause and non-diapause individuals in a population of the aphid parasitoid Aphidius ervi (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) originating from western France where a decrease of diapause incidence was recently observed. As a proxy measure of insect physiological cold resistance, the Super Cooling Point (SCP) was determined for non-diapausing and diapausing prepupae and adults that went through prepupal diapause or not. Diapausing and non-diapausing prepupae were equally cold-resistant (-24.20 ±0.30°C vs. -24.74 ±0.36°C, respectively), and overall more resistant than adults. Adults that went through diapause as prepupae were less cold resistant (-17.85 ±1.10°C) than adults that have not undergone through diapause (-21.10 ±0.54°C). We also found that diapausing prepupae and adults that have undergone diapause were lighter than their non-diapausing counterparts, at a comparable size, suggesting higher energetic expenses during diapause. These results suggest a trade-off between diapause expression in prepupae and cold resistance and life-history-traits in adults. We conclude that selection could favor insects that do not enter diapause and thus avoid its associated costs while taking advantage at exploiting the mild winter environment.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".