Obstetric Anal Sphincter Injuries at Vaginal Delivery: A Review of Recently Published National Guidelines
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Importance Obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASISs) complicate approximately 1 in 10 deliveries. Objective The aims of this study were to review and compare recommendations from recently published national guidelines regarding OASISs at vaginal delivery. Evidence Acquisition Three national guidelines on OASISs at vaginal delivery are presented through a descriptive review: Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists on “The Management of Third- and Fourth-Degree Perineal Tears,” American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists on “Prevention and Management of Obstetric Lacerations at Vaginal Delivery,” and Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada on “Obstetrical Anal Sphincter Injuries (OASIS): Prevention, Recognition, and Repair.” These guidelines were summarized and compared in terms of prevention and management of OASISs. Quality of evidence was also reviewed based on method of reporting for each guideline. Results This published evidence reflects the differences between the national recommendations on the prevention and management of OASISs. Especially, as for the prevention of OASIS, routine use of episiotomy is not recommended, whereas warm perineal compresses and perineal massage during the second stage of labor seem to have a protective role. In the management of OASIS, special care is needed during the repair process of the torn anorectal mucosa and the internal and external anal sphincter. The postoperative use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, oral laxatives, and analgesia is also recommended. Conclusions Summarized guidelines can have an impact on special care in prevention and management of OASIS; this may support the reduction of morbidity associated with that entity. Target Audience Obstetricians and gynecologists, family physicians. Learning Objectives After participating in this activity, the learner should be better able to evaluate prevention strategies on OASISs in the antenatal and intrapartum period; compare management recommendations in cases of OASISs; and plan the appropriate consultation regarding future pregnancies and postpartum care in cases of OASISs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.012 | 0.045 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.016 | 0.016 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".