Vortex shape and gas‐liquid hydrodynamics in unbaffled stirred tank
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The present study investigated the effect of impeller speed and vortex ingestion on vortex shape, gas holdup, and bubble size distribution in an unbaffled stirred tank using optical probe measurements. Further, the ability of the volume of the fluid model to predict vortex shape was examined. Without vortex ingestion, an increase in impeller speed resulted in a significant variation in vortex shape, whereas it had a negligible effect on vortex shape with ingestion. This suggests that when vortex ingestion occurred, most of the energy was consumed for the dispersion of gas rather than the deformation of the gas‐liquid interface. It was observed that a large number of gas bubbles were entrained into the vortex core around the impeller region, which led to a lower gas holdup at the top axial locations. An increase in the impeller speed also resulted in the formation of larger bubbles. The absence of baffles limits shear for bubble break up, resulting in larger bubbles above the impeller plane.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".