Bibliographic record
Abstract
This chapter reviews the platinum group metals, focusing particularly on current economic resources and production trends. Most of the world's platinum group metals (PGMs) are found in South Africa, with moderate amounts in Russia and Zimbabwe and minor amounts in Canada and other countries. Based on a detailed compilation of reported resources for 2010, there are about 90 400t of PGMs globally, compared with current annual production of about 465t. It is clear that there are abundant amounts of PGMs to meet growing global demands for some decades. The primary constraints which are already proving challenging for the PGMs sector are environmental and social in nature – such as economic benefits sharing, energy and emissions intensity, water consumption and impacts on water resources. Overall, PGMs can certainly provide a range of metals for sustainable materials and technologies into the future, but they will come at increasing environmental and social costs which need to be carefully assessed and managed to ensure the most sustainable outcomes for the countries involved and also global issues such as greenhouse gas emissions and climate change risks.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".