Impaired vascular function in exercising anovulatory premenopausal women is associated with low bone mineral density
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In estrogen‐deficient post‐menopausal women, osteoporosis shares a common link with cardiovascular disease risk, including endothelial dysfunction. The current study sought to examine associations between bone mineral density (BMD) and endothelial function in estrogen‐deficient premenopausal women with exercise‐associated menstrual disturbances. Recreationally trained women (24.3 ± 0.8 years; overall mean ± SEM) who were estrogen deficient (amenorrheic or eumenorrheic anovulatory cycles; E2Def; n = 13) or estrogen replete (eumenorrheic ovulatory cycles; E2Rep; n = 14) were studied. Total body and lumbar BMD (L1‐L4) were determined using dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry. Serum markers of oxidative stress (oxidized low‐density lipoprotein; OxLDL), energy deficiency (triiodothyronine), and bone turnover (osteocalcin, c‐telopeptide X, P1NP) were assessed. Estrogen exposure was determined by assessing daily urinary estrone‐3‐glucuronide (E1G) across a monitoring period. Calf blood flow (CBF), an index of endothelial function, was measured using strain‐gauge plethysmography. CBF, total body and L1‐L4 BMD, triiodothyronine and E1G were lower (P < 0.05), and c‐telopeptide crosslinks higher (P < 0.05) in E2Def. Osteocalcin and OxLDL did not differ (P > 0.05) between groups. L1‐L4 BMD, osteocalcin, and E1G were the strongest predictors of CBF (R2=0.615, P < 0.001). CBF was the strongest predictor of L1‐L4 BMD (R2=0.478, P < 0.001). L1‐L4 (r = 0.558, P = 0.008) and CBF (r = 0.534, P = 0.004) were independently correlated with E1G. In young recreationally trained premenopausal women with anovulatory menstrual disturbances, low CBF predicts decreased lumbar BMD, suggesting impaired peripheral endothelial function may predict early unfavorable changes in bone metabolism. This finding may be of relevance in the early detection of cardiovascular and bone health decrements in otherwise healthy estrogen‐deficient premenopausal women.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".