Bibliographic record
Abstract
This chapter discusses briefly the regulatory context that exists in Canada, provides a short history of significant developments and the sector&s;s role in them, and then examines specific issues that have existed between the regulator and the regulated. Canada is a federated state composed of ten provinces and three territories. The appeal mechanism to challenge decisions of the charities regulator is complex and expensive. Unlike other issues that flow from the Income Tax Act, charity matters are not heard in the relatively informal atmosphere of the Tax Court of Canada, but rather go to Canada&s;s second-highest court, the Federal Court of Appeal. Criticism was levelled that an organization that had been refused charitable status was highly unlikely to have the resources to launch such an appeal. As a result, there is scant Canadian jurisprudence in the area of charity law.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.013 | 0.015 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.021 | 0.067 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.022 | 0.008 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.007 | 0.015 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".