Employment and Compensation in the Marcellus Shale Gas Boom:What Stays Local?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Much of the public interest about the recent boom in shale natural gas development is due to expectations that the activity generates significant economic benefits within host communities, such as increases in employment and compensation. Numerous studies have examined the economic impacts of this activity and generally find mixed results; some studies find such impacts, while other studies find little evidence of an economic boom. An equally important, but much less frequently asked question is what portion of employment and compensation benefits from shale gas development stays local. Sociological literature on uneven development and economic literature on the natural resource curse provide reasons to be skeptical and suggest that these benefits are distributed unevenly and are often dispersed to recipients outside of the community.In this case study, we compare federal and state employment, compensation, and business data from four Pennsylvania counties experiencing rapid Marcellus Shale development to consider what portion of these benefits stay within their respective counties and what is awarded to out-of-county recipients. We then draw on focus group data for individual community leader accounts of how benefits are distributed and the possible mechanisms that explain the trends identified in the employment, compensation, and business data. Our findings suggest that a substantial portion of employment and compensation benefits associated with natural gas extraction have gone to out-of-county recipients, suggesting much more limited direct benefits for residents than previously described in economic projections. We conclude that this outflow of benefits is a form of uneven development that may partially explain the natural resource curse. Keywords: natural gas; shale; Marcellus Shale; community development; natural resources; resource curse; uneven development ---------------------------------------------------- Titre: Emploi et compensation lors de l'essor de gaz de schiste de Marcellus: que reste-t-il aux locaux? Resume La plupart de l'interet public dans l'essor recent du developpement du gaz naturel de schiste est du aux attentes que l'activite genere des benefices economiques significatifs au sein des communautes d'accueil, tel que des augmentations d'emplois et des compensations. De nombreuses etudes ont examine les impacts economiques et trouve des resultats generalement mitiges; certaines etudes ont trouve de telles repercussions alors que d'autres n'ont que peu de preuves d'un essor economique. Une question toute aussi importante mais bien moins souvent posee est celle de la part d'emplois et de compensations resultant du developpement du gaz de schiste qui reste locale. La litterature sociologique sur le developpement irregulier et la litterature economique sur la malediction des ressources naturelles fournissent des raisons d'etre septique et laissent entendre que ces benefices sont distribues de maniere inegale et sont souvent distribues aux beneficiaires exterieurs a la communaute. Dans cette etude, nous comparons l'emploi federal et celui de l'Etat , les compensations et les donnees commerciales de quatre comtes de Pennsylvanie qui vivent une croissance rapide du gaz de schiste de Marcellus afin de considerer la part des benefices qui reste dans les communautes respectives et celle attribuee aux beneficiaires hors comte. Nous nous appuyons donc sur des donnees de groupes de discussions sur les rapports individuels des dirigeants communautaires sur la maniere dont les benefices sont distribues et les mecanismes possibles qui expliquent les tendances identifiees dans l'emploi, les compensations et les donnees commerciales. Nos resultats suggerent que les parts substantielles d'emploi et de benefices compensatoires associes a l'extraction de gaz naturels sont allees a des destinataires exterieurs au comte, suggerant des benefices directs bien plus limites pour les residents que ceux decrits prealablement dans les projections economiques. Nous concluons que cette sortie de benefices est une forme de developpement inegal qui pourrait expliquer la malediction de la ressource naturelle.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".