Characterization of fluid mixing in a closed container under horizontal vibrations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The mixing characteristics of two initially stratified miscible fluids in a closed container vibrated horizontally are studied numerically by a validated computational fluid dynamics model. The flow characteristics and interfacial dynamics in the closed vibrating container are analyzed, and the effects of vibration parameters and gravity on mixing efficiency are evaluated both quantitatively and qualitatively. The results show that interfacial instability occurs in the closed container, which leads to interfacial deformation and breakup and quickens mixing. Two distinct stages of the mixing process can be observed in the closed vibrating container. During the macro‐mixing, an increasingly sharp gradient of the concentration field is generated. During the micro‐mixing, the mixing process is dominated by the diffusion of the concentration field and ends up with a nearly homogeneous mixture. The intensification of mixing process by vibration is most pronounced in the absence of static gravity. The gravity can suppress the interfacial instability and retard the mixing process. Over the range of conditions investigated in this paper, vibration is an efficient approach for mixing miscible liquids in a closed container.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".