Evaluation of the fresh and hardened state properties of low cement content systems
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The production of Portland cement (PC) clinker is responsible for about 6·5% of total carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions worldwide. Therefore, recent studies have focused on alternatives to decrease PC content and thus reduce the carbon footprint of concrete construction. Although guidelines suggest a minimum cement content of approximately 250–300 kg/m 3 depending on the type of the structure or structural member, there is currently a lack of information on the impact of the amount of cement on the overall behaviour of concrete. This work evaluates the influence of PC (ASTM C150 Type III) content on the fresh (i.e. rheological behaviour) and hardened (i.e. compressive strength, dynamic and static modulus of elasticity, porosity and permeability) properties of concrete mixtures produced with low to moderate (54, 159 and 260 kg/m 3 ) PC amounts. Results show that it is possible to produce eco-efficient concrete without compromising the fresh and hardened states of the material. However, the durability and long-term properties of low cement content systems should be further appraised.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".