Viscous diffusion effects on the self-induced distortions of rectangular vortex rings
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Large eddy simulation, stereoscopic particle image velocimetry, and hot-wire anemometry are conducted to study the viscous diffusion effects on the self-induced deformations of the aspect ratio 2 rectangular vortex rings at Reynolds numbers Ri = UDh/ν = 355, 877.5, 1775, 8775, 17 750 (i = 1, …, 5). The differences between the axis-switching of isolated vortex rings and rectangular jets are explained. At increased viscous effects, the rotational content of the vortices diffuses and grows in size. The high curvature corners of the rectangular vortex rings induce additional velocities which distort the topology until it appears to be rotated for 90°, the so-called axis-switching phenomenon. Strong viscous effects (R1) diffuse the ring before the switching is completed, while reduced viscous effects allow for the first (R2, R3) and second (R4, R5) switching. For R2 and R3, the rotated rectangular rings bifurcate into a pair of semi-circular topologies. Space-time mapping of the instantaneous streamwise velocity at the vortex ring axis reveals strong correlation spots for the occurrence of each axis-switching. Vortex rings are found to decelerate more quickly with increased viscous effects and hence exhibit reduced penetration rates. The temporal variation of the advection velocity of the vortex ring demonstrates major peaks in accordance with the number of axis-switchings. Trajectories of the vortex cores in two orthogonal planes demonstrate contractions/expansions conforming to the sine/cosine waves associated with the varicose instability modes. A pair of orthogonal varicose modes interacts with the phase lagging/leading equal to the quarter of a full cycle which is interestingly equal to the axis-switching frequency.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".