Bibliographic record
Abstract
Summary On 23 July 1916, the Women’s Peace Crusade was launched in Glasgow, as a movement of working class women to protest the war and campaign for a negotiated peace. Helen Crawfurd was one of the leaders of the Crusade, which was revived in 1917 and spread that summer across Britain’s industrial heartlands, and as far as Canada. Helen Crawfurd was a remarkable woman: a feminist and socialist campaigner who characterized herself as a woman with a mission for the liberation of women, the solidarity of workers and a people’s peace. During the war years she was one of Scotland’s most persuasive anti-war public speakers for the Independent Labour Party, and a prominent ally of the Red Clydeside shop stewards’ movement. She was strongly (though increasingly critically) rooted in evangelical Protestantism, and her political engagement combined militant confrontation and performative activism expressed in an ethos and language with strong biblical resonances. This article considers her biography and the Women’s Peace Crusade, with particular reference to her commitment to ensure that women should “speak for themselves” through the creative appropriation of “crusading” as a strategy to subvert the notion of war as a holy crusade.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".