Current understanding of transport and bioavailability of bioactive peptides derived from dairy proteins: a review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Summary Dairy protein‐derived bioactive peptides (DBPs) have potential benefits for human health. However, their transport mechanisms and bioavailability from intestinal lumen to bloodstream are not well understood. This review summarises current understanding of their transport mechanisms across the intestinal membrane (peptide transport 1, paracellular route, transcytosis and passive transcellular diffusion) and the bioavailability of DBPs in animal and human studies. Some DBPs can escape the degradation of peptidase and reach the bloodstream at concentrations of micromolar range, and keep intact for several minutes to hours. The presences of brush‐border peptidases at the site of absorption and other peptidases in the blood, along with the peptide properties, such as molecular size and weight, stability to proteases, hydrophobicity and charge, determine their bioavailability. Developing novel analytical tools for accurate measurement and study of the transport, metabolism, and bioavailability of DBPs in vivo are expected.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".