Adoption Of The Balanced Scorecard By Municipal Governments: Evidence From Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper examines the evolving adoption of the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) in municipal governments. We conduct a study of the use of BSCs in municipal governments across Canada. Senior administrators are surveyed regarding the use of performance measures and the results are compared to a similar study conducted in 2004. The results show that municipal governments continue to focus primarily on financial metrics. Adopters recognize the value of a BSC and most no longer see the BSC as a fad or as a set of ad-hoc measures. They recognize the BSC is a valuable tool that links the municipality¡¯s mission and strategy to objective measures. This paper extends the literature on the BSC by identifying a growing desire to improve performance measurement within Canadian municipalities. In addition, understanding the needs, concerns, and reasons for not implementing a BSC will provide practitioners with the necessary information to develop BSC tools that work for a municipal government
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.007 | 0.037 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.013 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".