Endogenous cardiotonic steroids: clinical perspectives
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Several endogenous digitalis-like cardiotonic steroids (CTS) have been identified in humans, including endogenous ouabain, a cardenolide, and marinobufagenin which belongs to a class of bufadienolides. The main function of CTS is maintenance of sodium homeostasis and regulation of natriuretic function. Endogenous cardiotonic steroids bind to the Na/K-ATPase and exhibit two kinds of effects, inhibition of transmembrane transport of monovalent cations, and induction of a complex cascade of cell signaling. In Dahl salt-sensitive rats with NaCl-induced hypertension, endogenous ouabain, acting as a neurohormone stimulates adrenocortical marinobufagenin, which raises blood pressure via inhibition of vascular Na/K-ATPase. In a subgroup of hypertensive subjects, which possess a polymorphism of alpha-adducin gene, elevated levels of endogenous ouabain activate renotubular Na/K-ATPase and induce renal sodium retention. Elevated levels of CTS also contribute to pathogenesis of congestive heart failure, preeclampsia, and diabetes mellitus. The approaches to pharmacological antagonism of the effects of CTS include blockade of CTS receptor site on the Na/K-ATPase, immunoneutralization, and interactions at the levels of Na/K-ATPase phosphorylation/dephosphorylation by protein kinases С and G.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".