Incidence and characterization of Clostridium difficile in a secondary care hospital in Spain
Bibliographic record
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) is a major nosocomial infectious agent in hospitals. Previous studies have addressed the high proportion of infection episodes that are overlooked in health care facilities. OBJECTIVE: the main aim of this study was to characterize C. difficile clinical cases that occurred in a secondary care hospital during a five-month period. MATERIAL AND METHODS: for this purpose, a total of 137 stool samples from the same number of patients with diarrhea were analyzed for the presence of C. difficile by culture techniques. An enzyme immunoassay (EIA) test for the detection of C. difficile and its toxins was also used in 50 cases (36.5%) for diagnostic purposes. RESULTS: a total of 14 (10.2%) C. difficile isolates were obtained, of which nine (64.3%) were toxigenic. A mean incidence of 3.2 episodes of C. difficile infections (CDI) per 10,000 patients-days was estimated for the study period. Around 56% of the CDI cases were determined as hospital-acquired, whereas 44% originated in the community. Among these, only two episodes (22.2%) were detected in the hospital by the EIA test, which indicated that the hospital CDI detection protocol needed to be revised. One unusual C. difficile isolate was negative for all toxin genes examined and also for the non-toxigenic strain assay, which highlights the need to perform genome sequencing to study its pathogenicity locus insertion site organization. A stable metronidazole-resistant C. difficile strain and three strains showing multidrug resistance were detected in this study, suggesting that C. difficile antimicrobial susceptibility surveillance programs should be established in this health-care facility.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".